Yu Jianrong
Abstract: Contemporary Chinese farmers activism are The Farmers from the demands of external forces on their own petition organized petition rights to change, for political reform and development in rural China is of great significance.
Keywords: activism and political protest in the form of a target
farmer organizations, the activities of the farmers to explain the framework of rights for Chinese Farmers
interpretation framework for human rights activities are currently two, that Scott's
famous American expert on farmers James? Scott in the the impact on traditional agricultural society, with He believes that rooted in their specific living conditions, with the survival strategy is closely related to the maintenance and survival. Therefore, if not carefully examine a variety of local traditions and cultural characteristics, not to explore the seemingly trivial daily activities of farmers rich in meaning, people will go astray awareness of farmers, farmers may be hidden resistance to be confused with the active cooperation, from making the wrong political and economic decision-making,UGG bailey button, lead to social unrest. In order to specifically describe the resistance of the peasants concealed, Scott has his own field work in rural areas in Malaysia, based on materials published a These two books. He pointed out that open, organized political action is for the majority of the lower classes too extravagant, if not suicidal because it is too dangerous. To avoid these risks, farmers more everyday forms of resistance is taken, that is the usual constant that farmers obtain from their excess labor, food, taxes, rents and interests between those who struggle. These everyday forms of resistance typically include: lazy, dumb, desertion, pretending to obey, theft, play the fool to sell to stay, slander, arson, sabotage and so on. These are called kinds of forms of individual self-help; avoid directly and symbolically against the authority is also an important feature.
In their view, , its content and form of two ways, according to both political participation and protest are the characteristics of political resistance. Its process and results, according to the law may struggle to promote national laws or by the implementation of central policies evolved into a full political participation,UGG shoes, but also happens to be in a general sense of zone, which content is basically In the object. This resistance is a form of public, quasi-or semi-institutionalized forms of institutionalization, the approach is mainly petition to demand higher levels of government to counter the authority of the grassroots cadres,
Clearly, Scott's However, Scott is the Southeast Asian countries as the Object of farmers, many of his conclusions for a unique living environment and cultural traditions of the Chinese countryside and farmers do not fully apply; Lianjiang inspection ten years ago, Chinese farmers are mainly activism, in fact, the current social conflict in China's rural areas, especially more intense central region, farmers in the manner and content of protest have been exceeded in many aspects of the new features. I will be the form and content with the new activism of farmers called the farmers Here that the But The a direct challenge to fight object. In the
Second, farmers struggle to law the main form of
in a manner worthy of note occurred in the evolution of many. This evolution generally reveals an important characteristic of this: farmers protest petition While still one of the most important form, but it already has a new meaning, more noteworthy is that more new methods of struggle and initiative means.
first petition. Lianjiang farmers and others in research, In their view, the petition shall protesters complain complain petition different from the traditional, but also to make it different from the contemporary historical issues raised by the various petitioners complain. The petitioners complain are basically limited to the traditional civil or criminal range In addition, in many cases, the petitioners, even though they know themselves to be wrong, but the law may not be as protesters did in the It is farmers deep understanding of laws and policies and the proper use, so their resistance is not only It should be said, Lianjiang this analysis and others on our understanding of the current petition protests took place in rural areas is still valid. Is worth further held that the present petition for farmers, especially when the collective petition to show the new features and functionality. First of all, according to the law of collective protest petition, generally for specific events occur, the general staff collective petitions is a village or a township have a direct interest in the context of the relevant people. At present there are not many collective petition as an incentive with a unified event, but first be mobilized to fight the elite, and then unified by the meeting topic, and each person can petition to retain the town or village, and even personal Kong Guxin . Secondly, the participation of the general public is not, and are claiming to Again, the scale appeared on the county of Union, and has a clear organizational. Finally, the petition is also derived from the original petition alarm many new features: reducing the burden petition on behalf of petitioners is eligible to obtain the fastest and most authoritative evidence; petition or related documents obtained from the Central and provincial a channel; petition can understand and connect to other towns petitioners; petition, or to obtain information about the new The petitioners in exchange If you find a
Second, publicity. Publicity through various forms of elite fighting the central and local party and government policies, this is the most common central area of rural protest. Elite propaganda protest a variety of ways. Especially popular in rural bazaars, the organization's public meetings, or township cadres at the village entrance 用高音喇叭 charges read out the central and provincial documents on reducing the burden of farmers and the central leadership of the speech; some of them to playing the dragon, put the film, engage in advocacy loved cars and other ways to attract masses of peasants, took the opportunity to publicize the party's policy; some documents copied will be posted in public places, or eye-catching paint writing on the wall or elsewhere, publicity posters, even propaganda leaflets printed policy; more burdens Tianwei petition in the village representatives, farmers at home policy advice on specific issues.
publicity elite farmers struggle with the role of the two. On the one hand, resistance Jingying the use of a wide variety of publicity in the form, will be Local Government Behavior, They adopted the relevant provisions of the document the actual situation with the farmers control, the villagers aware of the township in violation of village cadres, some of the provisions of the country is protection of the central and superior file is legitimate and worthy of support and participation. In other words, fight elite publicity campaign to expose local officials to the central and higher disloyal, unfair to farmers, while declaring the legitimacy of their protest actions, so that farmers know that they are central for backing the resistance, with the significance of mobilizing the masses. This launch is multifaceted, and can be directly involved in mobilizing the masses, can also be launched to obtain public support to raise funds struggle. On the other hand, the publicity itself is a struggle, but a dare to the local government authority to directly face the fight. To a certain extent, it is a declaration of war is open to those who fight the elite chaos faction chaos spread an open declaration of war. Of particular note, because there are many promotional activities is the need to fight the elite come directly to the fore. They not only face a new image of the villagers, but also the image of the face in this local grass-roots cadres. This actually will open their identity, is the elite of their struggle as a declaration. Moreover, some publicity efforts of individuals alone is no way to do it. At this time, these promotional activities are in fact fighting the elite division of the group activities.
Third, stop collection. Collection is the elite fighting resistance through direct to block the township (town) village cadres receive tax share of the action to stop the random chaos of a protest camp. It is a more active forms of protest. Fight elites share what they think is chaos faction chaos not only to resist paying taxes, but also to take measures to help those who can not fight the people refused to pay. One of the most common method is the township (town) Village cadres to receive Shuifei peasant households, the struggle to mobilize elite Many people go to, and asked the cadres to make it clear how the income, what the paper is based, and that those taxes charge certain sub-provinces of the central or spirit of the document should not be charged, farmers can not make this unjustifiable taxes and fees. In a sense, resistance is also a propaganda act received. However, this has a very clear targeted publicity, publicity is given the time and scene, is in the township (town) village cadres are not allowed to collect taxes when the arbitrary charges of propaganda. Thus, it is a face to face challenges. This challenge is not only the elite of their protest further acts of declaration, and put himself directly in opposition to specific cadres. This behavior is in the context of rural communities, an acquaintance of society took place, is the need great courage. On the one hand, human struggle between the elite to break this off, with the income tax to the people Because this fight face to face, often anger that nothing of the township (town) village cadres. Sometimes the township (town) will be relying on village cadre elite struggle when there are a lot of violence, and this will provoke more anger and awareness of the masses, and sometimes even more serious incidents occur.
Fourth, push back. Elite fighting force back then is forced to take various approaches to certain departments or units of overcharging the farmers money back to farmers as a protest. A few years ago to allow township cadres, farmers will have taken away the money back to yourself, take up way is to sue. However, many farmers during the long class of cases is not only unfair but also for farmers, there are also many post-judgment execution difficulties. This will enable farmers in the long and difficult legal process and the unjust treatment of disappointed with the results. In recent years, many elite and those who fight the strong local organization, resulting in a more direct and targeted way to push back, that is mandatory correction. Specifically, higher levels of government struggle elite holding the relevant provisions of these regulations directly to the violation of agency or person in charge of negotiations with government departments, with peers and onlookers resulting from the collective pressure for an immediate commitment to responsible person to correct their error. Normal circumstances, Youyu elite fighting the request very specific 而且 very clear the documents, the relevant departments of the errors are more prominent effects are therefore also relatively clear.
fifth, sit-ins and demonstrations. To date, sitting as a struggle with the coercive behavior, usually in a more serious incident occurred not only possible treatment. In recent years, due to land acquisition, township cadres, taxes and other incidents of violence increase, farmers in front of party and government organs, transport routes and other places to sit way will often occur. The main purpose of meditation is to want to expand the situation to attract higher-level party and government and the community media sector in particular, seriously. Farmers protest slogans for sex in addition to holding demonstrations, the protest rally called by the elite but also other means to expand its influence. The purpose of the demonstrations and mobilize the masses of the general theme of the conference is The sit-ins and demonstrations related to the specific legal issues,UGGs, requires special approval process, so many scholars sit and triggered protests and violent resistance phase, called the action outside the system. Party and government at all levels, often as a reason for this obstruction, and often the elite and the masses will fight head-on collision, and some also produced casualties, destroyed public and private property and other serious social consequences.
protest change in behavior from the above, we can see that the current struggle of farmers no longer remain in support of the party's policies and requirements of the Party's policies are the level of implementation, but the further implementation of the Government played a supervisory policy, or even to interpret, promote and implement the central policy role.
Third, farmers struggle to law the basic objective of
This is mainly manifested in two aspects: First, the struggle with the public nature of the content. The main issues currently struggle As these issues are central documents and state laws and policy provisions in the current common and more serious in rural areas and, therefore, it is easy to determine the legitimacy of acts of protest and the legitimacy of the elite. Second, because these issues are generally caused by the behavior of public administration authorities, so the method is intended primarily for fighting grass-roots party and government organs at the township level and village-level organizations. The country with the national law to resist the most basic political rights of farmers to achieve the objective is a political act. Therefore, the political struggle is the law of farmers to a prominent feature.
in specific practice, farmers struggle to law specific and clear goal is always to question the way the initiative. This is a Here the This is the most important protests a part of. Should star in the immigration petition, said: In fact, for many local farmers have been far beyond the petition protests, the problem of order to solve the problem for not only into the government agenda, and more important role is to fight the elite structures of legitimacy and to mobilize the masses of the tool. That is, whether it is issue-specific resistance, or protest about the universality of rights, to be effective or even carry them, are first the need for What problems can protest the proposed objectives and requirements.
In general, the Clearly, the But whether it is The struggle of the peasants, the problem is identified, we must first solve the living conditions of farmers and practical difficulties, is not due to the local government does not faithfully execute the development of relevant central and provincial policies caused. This is very important. In a very long time, China's rural policies are in the language of the central and provincial thinking within the framework. Therefore, more understanding of a variety of the central, provincial and municipal taxes, village self-government and other personal interests of the farmers legal and policy to fight the elite became conscious actions of farmers. Because of this, in recent years, protests in many parts of the elite in the I found some surveys in Hunan, the first two years of reducing the burden of this petition on behalf of the county's main due to tax reform, has emerged the number of tax Tian Mu, mu yield, food prices and other issues; now turn reducing the burden does not directly attributable to the petition on behalf of the township government under the jurisdiction of Arbitrary Charge and other They also plan to electricity, water and other issues as the struggle of the problem.
particular note is that some activities of farmers struggle to achieve the county, coordinated action of the problem. Because only those of the county, at least most of the towns are common This required not only to fight the elite national laws and policies have more understanding, but also to the county to know more about the situation. To this end, those leaders have to constantly struggle with the exchange of information, discuss action plans. Of course, sometimes get the elite if a fight on a And to identify or find a and, in the informal structure of the network-type organization to get more important In this potential role of incentives, many struggle to get the praise or the elite their cultural awareness, also increased on the regional links. Moreover, with the resistance to changing the content, especially as many of the county left the specific incidents of sexual issues to the problem of the technology becomes more important, the elite fighting role and status of the network will continue to change type from the past dare say that there is change in strategy direction of the cultural type, which is fighting to join the elite ranks of the rural knowledge provided the impetus.
to join the elite and the rural peasant burdens corruption is difficult to achieve these specific objectives, the objectives of the current struggle of farmers has changed. Some knowledge-based elite to protest that the current problems in rural areas is not only the behavior of some cadres, but the state power system is a problem, they struggle hard to the goal within the framework of the existing system to be resolved. In order to dilute the proposed targets can not be achieved due to their negative effects, resistance to change accordingly the elite of the Some of the most typical of which is explicitly put forward the elite struggle to liberate This marks the political aspirations of the peasants had a major upgrade.
Fourth, the organization of farmers struggle to law features
Farmers protest elite through the establishment of a stable interconnected network of organizations to achieve coordination and planning actions. Farmers in the central region to fight when there is a direct named Association. The current struggle around the organization of farmers in France are the following characteristics.
First, a certain number of elite struggle and determination. Fight the elite status of these farmers are complicated. Which play a major role in organization and leadership, and the age is generally between thirty to forty years old; education for the junior high school; mostly played out as a soldier or work; also a small number of party members and village cadres; more affluent families , can be considered in the local level. Most of them farmers to reduce the burden on the country's policies and relevant laws have a certain understanding, and can grasp the local government in dealing with protests of farmers on the basic attitude. In their view, even though the villagers did not authorize an election-style formal organization or national authority, as they represent the interests of farmers, and together they organized a These acts of protest elite, already has a very strong political beliefs color. In their view, the party's interests and the interests of farmers is the same, the CPC Central Committee is the protector of the peasants, the party's policy is to protect their legitimate rights and interests of farmers silver bullet, so long as they are central to the implementation of such as promoting grassroots democracy, the implementation of village self-government banner of riding out the policy to safeguard the economic interests of farmers and for the purpose of legitimate political rights, their actions should be protected by law, the justice of their cause and win. Therefore, these ,cheap UGG boots, for fear of bloodshed and sacrifice.
second, with a clear purpose, namely, to maintain central policy and state law gives all the legitimate rights and interests of farmers. The establishment of the direct purpose of fighting organized collective resistance, resistance organizations, the purpose is to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests. They, the However, This, in fact, that their goal with the echelon-type level. Moreover, this goal is constantly developing, co-ordination from the township to the special agricultural product tax, pig tax can not be apportioned according to the head, to the actual land tax reform is not taxable to the requirements of correct school fees, water charges, to require equal political rights and so on, farmers continue to fight the elite times in a camel's struggle to change their specific goals. But they have not changed the overall direction is to maintain the farmers
Third, among the members of a certain degree of division of labor between members of the objective existence of the relationship between leadership and the led. Division of labor is the organization and functioning of the basic conditions for achieving its purpose, the division of labor within the organization structure is only form of expression, in which the division of labor, the need to develop to guarantee At present farmers organized protest petition, whether elite or organized publicity, direct-entry or push back the resistance, there is a certain division of labor. For example, I have investigated the organization of a peasant burdens, in order to mobilize the farmers joint petition, the sponsors of reducing the burden together representatives of the 13 specific and clear division of labor: he himself is a While another is responsible for identifying others to the village to collect materials in each group, jointly drafted From the practical results, they are efficient in this division, which achieved their intended goals.
fourth, with a certain decision-making mechanism. Economist Simon H ・ A ・ decision-making process will be decomposed into three main stages of activity, namely, intelligence activities (exploration around the environment as required in decision-making conditions), design activities (discovery, development and analysis of possible courses of action), select activities (from a variety of cooperative programs of action for selecting a particular program.) I found in the survey, many farmers struggle between the elite unique information system, they are the real burden on peasants in order to obtain information, using personal relationships to gather evidence, and who has what information to collect a very clear division of labor . During the same kind of attitude of the villagers how to get signed petitions to collect funds, how to deal with the interference of township cadres are identified specific action plans. In this decision-making process, although as a Can even say that they all have a This way of decision-making meetings, and they emphasized the independence of the
Fifth, has some incentive - restraint mechanisms. To date, I have not investigated in the They are the inherent driving force more out of a These are evaluated by group evaluation and community composition. And this evaluation and the general social evaluation is not exactly the same. Because it is not just praise or blame, and will become many of the specific behavior and interpersonal situation. For example, if the When teams from the division of labor, the burdens have a greater influence on behalf of, and will assume some of the more important work. And if a If you recognize any of the sociologist Coleman said, interpersonal and organizational relationships are to a certain degree of trust-based to also see that in the context of rural communities in China, which is based on interpersonal trust and relationship-based. Characteristics also need to point out that, for those organizers, though did not get formally binding, but they often borrowed the laws of the State bound its members, which is organized by the struggle to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests according to the purpose of decision The.
should be noted that the farmers By recognized authorities on the program, it is not winning the lack of systematic and dominant, not established a clear hierarchy; its members join and leave no clear procedures; each other without a clear relationship between rights and obligations, mainly rely on organizational constraints on the conduct of members; the organization itself is not regular source of income, funding their activities of its members and the masses rely on voluntary assistance.
Fourth, the simple conclusion
sum up, China's rural farmers in the central region in particular activities and academic rights have been observed and discussed, form and content of such resistance has a significant difference. Specifically, in 1992, against the majority of farmers can be attributed to Western scholars generally referred to as , using the hidden strategy to not conflict with the authority of the head-characterized, is a direct benefit to the individual concerned And from 1992 to 1998, the farmers can be attributed to the resistance,
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